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diff --git a/semestre 1/anglais/Présentation orale.md b/semestre 1/anglais/Présentation orale.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b8e9ce7 --- /dev/null +++ b/semestre 1/anglais/Présentation orale.md @@ -0,0 +1,76 @@ +--- +tags: + - sorbonne + - anglais +semestre: 1 +--- +Last revolution of administration system (field which focus on administrating servers and infrastructures) is the creation of containers with Docker by a French startup in the US +|> today, every companies use containers +|> founders of this technology wanted to innovate in France, but they cannot +|> why? because no one wanted to finance them + +Why the heart of IT innovation is in the USA? +|> computer science subject -> IT, innovation and evolution of computer science +|> economic question -> economic growth and economic rules +|> philosophic question -> morality of economic growth and of the innovation +## Facts +Innovation in CS are in the US +|> GAFAM are American companies +|> virtual reality, blockchain, artificial intelligence, social network = leading by the US + +European Union is not leading the high-tech +|> EU is focused on the mid-tech (incorporating high-tech in old high-tech like cars or energies) + +Research in EU is very good in high-tech +|> 30-40% of cited papers in patents are from European college +|> but they are not 30-40% of patents from EU +-> issue between research and entreprise +## Economic Growth, Economic Rules and Innovation +Startups = new company in new high technologies + +Not enough venture capital in EU +|> venture capital is a long-term investment $\neq$ bank loan is a short-term/mid-term investment +|> venture capital gives the right to fail to startups +|> bank loan do not: startups must create money rapidly to repay it +|> more easy to develop new edge-breaking technologies with venture capital: it takes lot of times + +Institutions are not investing in new startups +|> in the US, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) invests in many new startups -> gives the money to do the research & development for edge-breaking startups +|> European Innovation Council (EIC) looks like DARPA, but is very different: +- has much lower budget +- does not primary focus on research & development +- helps more during commercialization +- does not help startups, helps well implanted companies +|> research & development costs much more than the commercialization +|> well implanted companies will not increase the economic growth as a working startup can do + +Protecting rules restrict innovation +|> EIC is not as independant as the DARPA: EIC is managed by the European Council, not by experts (majority of the experts in the EIC are business-men, not scientists or economists) +|> EU rules are indirectly limiting bank loan to startups since the subprime crisis in 2008 -> limits the investment in startups (because we do not have enough venture capital) +## Morality of USA's Kind of Innovation +Unregulated innovation leads to lot of moral issues +|> social media not really a good thing for humanity: promote hate, increase depression and polarize the population (but not only that) +|> self-driving cars are dangerous +|> AI has lot of moral issues: creating fake news, deep fakes, modifies deeply the society without any evaluations, definitely not ecologic + +Economic growth face many moral issues +|> economic growth seems to be linked with consumerism: consumerism exists since the 1950s, but exists since the end of the 19th century (https://journals.openedition.org/chrhc/1809) +|> consumerism is a big ecological issue: consuming more and more resources is opposed to the ecology and it is problematic for all other moral issues +|> to have an economic growth, you must have inequalities, and inequalities can be considered immoral if we want to have a true democracy (Philoxime) + +But the right to auto-determination requires the innovation +|> auto-determination is the power to decide what we want to become +|> someone must control their life to have this power +|> without innovation in a world where innovation is the rule, if a country do not innovate, they will have to use the innovations of other (if it want to defend itself), so they will be dependant to another country -> they will not have the power to control their life because they must use others life to modify their own +|> if a country do not have this power, the people in it do not have this (because they are dependant to the country) +-> in politics, country's auto-determination is usually called sovereignty +## Conclusion +EU is not good in startups due to its societal institution (https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2024/popular-information/) +|> not enough venture capital and not enough investment of the public states + +But innovation has lot of moral issues +|> consumerism, danger, ecological + +Without innovation, a country cannot be sovereign because they are dependant to others + +=> currently, incompatibility between two moral rights: equality and self-sovereignty (or right to auto-determination)
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