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+---
+tags:
+  - sorbonne
+  - anglais
+semestre: 1
+---
+Last revolution of administration system (field which focus on administrating servers and infrastructures) is the creation of containers with Docker by a French startup in the US
+|> today, every companies use containers
+|> founders of this technology wanted to innovate in France, but they cannot
+|> why? because no one wanted to finance them
+
+Why the heart of IT innovation is in the USA?
+|> computer science subject -> IT, innovation and evolution of computer science
+|> economic question -> economic growth and economic rules
+|> philosophic question -> morality of economic growth and of the innovation
+## Facts
+Innovation in CS are in the US
+|> GAFAM are American companies
+|> virtual reality, blockchain, artificial intelligence, social network = leading by the US
+
+European Union is not leading the high-tech
+|> EU is focused on the mid-tech (incorporating high-tech in old high-tech like cars or energies)
+
+Research in EU is very good in high-tech
+|> 30-40% of cited papers in patents are from European college
+|> but they are not 30-40% of patents from EU
+-> issue between research and entreprise
+## Economic Growth, Economic Rules and Innovation
+Startups = new company in new high technologies
+
+Not enough venture capital in EU
+|> venture capital is a long-term investment $\neq$ bank loan is a short-term/mid-term investment
+|> venture capital gives the right to fail to startups
+|> bank loan do not: startups must create money rapidly to repay it
+|> more easy to develop new edge-breaking technologies with venture capital: it takes lot of times
+
+Institutions are not investing in new startups
+|> in the US, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) invests in many new startups -> gives the money to do the research & development for edge-breaking startups
+|> European Innovation Council (EIC) looks like DARPA, but is very different:
+- has much lower budget
+- does not primary focus on research & development
+- helps more during commercialization
+- does not help startups, helps well implanted companies
+|> research & development costs much more than the commercialization
+|> well implanted companies will not increase the economic growth as a working startup can do
+
+Protecting rules restrict innovation
+|> EIC is not as independant as the DARPA: EIC is managed by the European Council, not by experts (majority of the experts in the EIC are business-men, not scientists or economists)
+|> EU rules are indirectly limiting bank loan to startups since the subprime crisis in 2008 -> limits the investment in startups (because we do not have enough venture capital)
+## Morality of USA's Kind of Innovation
+Unregulated innovation leads to lot of moral issues
+|> social media not really a good thing for humanity: promote hate, increase depression and polarize the population (but not only that)
+|> self-driving cars are dangerous
+|> AI has lot of moral issues: creating fake news, deep fakes, modifies deeply the society without any evaluations, definitely not ecologic
+
+Economic growth face many moral issues
+|> economic growth seems to be linked with consumerism: consumerism exists since the 1950s, but exists since the end of the 19th century (https://journals.openedition.org/chrhc/1809)
+|> consumerism is a big ecological issue: consuming more and more resources is opposed to the ecology and it is problematic for all other moral issues
+|> to have an economic growth, you must have inequalities, and inequalities can be considered immoral if we want to have a true democracy (Philoxime)
+
+But the right to auto-determination requires the innovation
+|> auto-determination is the power to decide what we want to become
+|> someone must control their life to have this power
+|> without innovation in a world where innovation is the rule, if a country do not innovate, they will have to use the innovations of other (if it want to defend itself), so they will be dependant to another country -> they will not have the power to control their life because they must use others life to modify their own
+|> if a country do not have this power, the people in it do not have this (because they are dependant to the country)
+-> in politics, country's auto-determination is usually called sovereignty
+## Conclusion
+EU is not good in startups due to its societal institution (https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2024/popular-information/)
+|> not enough venture capital and not enough investment of the public states
+
+But innovation has lot of moral issues
+|> consumerism, danger, ecological
+
+Without innovation, a country cannot be sovereign because they are dependant to others
+
+=> currently, incompatibility between two moral rights: equality and self-sovereignty (or right to auto-determination)
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